Edward J. Fox, PhD

Compiled Bibliography Indian Health Financing Series • All Papers and Supplements • APA 7th Edition

Note: This compiled bibliography includes all sources cited across the series papers and supplements. Series papers by Fox (2026) are cited where referenced across multiple papers. Primary sources on file with the author are noted as such.

Download the complete compiled volume — the full Indian Health Financing Series with this bibliography, in a single document:

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Alaska Native Health Board. (1999–2000). Records and reports on National Steering Committee participation [Unpublished internal documents].

Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium. (n.d.). Alaska Tribal health system overview. https://anthc.org

American Indian Health Commission for Washington State. (n.d.). Medicaid, Tribes, and Washington State. Author.

Arizona Health Care Cost Containment System. (n.d.). American Indian Health Program reports. https://www.azahcccs.gov

Bhaskar, R., O’Hara, B., & Walters, N. (2018). Health insurance coverage and the American Indian and Alaska Native population: Analysis using linked administrative records. U.S. Census Bureau, CARRA Working Paper Series.

Crouch, J., & Korenbrot, C. (2010, December 20). Uninsured American Indians and Alaska Natives with incomes 133% to 300% of poverty: Data for health insurance exchange outreach. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Tribal Technical Advisory Group. California Rural Indian Health Board. PDF

Carroll, S. R., Garba, I., Figueroa-Rodriguez, O. L., Holbrook, J., Lovett, R., Materechera, S., Parsons, M., Raseroka, K., Rodriguez-Lonebear, D., Rowe, R., Sara, R., Walker, J. D., Anderson, J., & Hudson, M. (2020). The CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance. Data Science Journal, 19(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.5334/dsj-2020-043

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Diabetes and American Indians/Alaska Natives. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (n.d.-a). CMS-64 instructions and reporting forms. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (n.d.-b). Guidance on 100% FMAP for services provided through IHS/Tribal providers (42 CFR §433.204). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (n.d.-c). Medicaid and CHIP data book. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2016, February 26). State Health Official Letter #16-002: Reinterpretation of “received through” for purposes of 100 percent FMAP. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

sho cms letter022616Download

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2019). Washington State Plan Amendment WA-19-0016 approval [Tribal nursing facility per diem rate]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2023). CMS–IHS data match: AI/AN Medicaid enrollment and expenditures. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2024). National health expenditure accounts: Historical. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cms.gov/data-research/statistics-trends-and-reports/national-health-expenditure-data/historical

Crouch, J., Kao, & Korenbrot, C. (2007). Gaps and strategies to improve American Indian and Alaska Native data for Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP. California Rural Indian Health Board. https://crihb.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/1_AIAN_CMS_Data_Report2007.pdf

Crouch, J., Garrow, R., Harklerode, R., & Korenbrot, C. (2009). American Indian and Alaska Native Medicaid program and policy data: Summary report. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Tribal Technical Advisory Group. California Rural Indian Health Board. PDF

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Tribal Technical Advisory Group. (2009). American Indian and Alaska Native Medicare program and policy statistics: Summary report. Sacramento, CA: California Rural Indian Health Board. Prepared by James Crouch, Chi Kao, Rebecca Garrow, Juan I. Korenbrot, & Carol Korenbrot. PDF

Crouch, J., Kao, C., Korenbrot, J., & Korenbrot, C. (2010). American Indian and Alaska Native Medicaid program and policy data: Medicaid & CHIP enrollment, service use & payments. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Tribal Technical Advisory Group. California Rural Indian Health Board. PDF

Korenbrot, C., & Crouch, J. (2010). American Indians and Alaska Natives: Medicaid state data collection. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Tribal Technical Advisory Group. California Rural Indian Health Board. PDF

California Rural Indian Health Board. (2011). Integrating Medicaid and Indian Health Service data. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Tribal Technical Advisory Group.

Crouch, J., Korenbrot, J., & Korenbrot, C. (2012). Medicare statistics for American Indians and Alaska Natives. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services American Indian and Alaska Native Data Project. California Rural Indian Health Board.

O’Connell, J., Ouellet, J., & Rockell, J. (2014). Medicare enrollment, health status, service use and payment data for American Indians & Alaska Natives. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Tribal Technical Advisory Group, American Indian & Alaska Native Data Project. California Rural Indian Health Board. PDF

First Nations Information Governance Centre. (2014). Ownership, Control, Access and Possession (OCAP®): The path to First Nations information governance. Author.

Fox, E. J. (2003, October 17). Statement on the structure, distribution, and adequacy of funding for health care services to American Indians and Alaska Natives [Testimony before the United States Civil Rights Commission Briefing on the Health Care Disparities of American Indians and Alaska Natives, Albuquerque, New Mexico]. Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board.

Fox, E. J., & Boerner, V. (2009). Medicaid and Indian health programs 1996 to 2008 [Report]. National Indian Health Board.

Fox, E. J., & Boerner, V. (2012). Medicaid and Indian health system financing [Report]. National Indian Health Board.

Fox, E. J. (2023). Revised analysis of AI/AN Medicaid expenditures, 1999–2023 (Indian Health Financing Working Paper). Author.

Fox, E. J. (2026a). How we count matters: Population measurement and the AI/AN health financing denominator problem (Indian Health Financing Series, Paper I). Author.

Fox, E. J. (2026b). Governance foundations: The 1999–2000 IHCIA reauthorization consultation process (Indian Health Financing Series, Paper I-B). Author.

Fox, E. J. (2026c). A history of CMS–IHS Tribal data improvement (Indian Health Financing Series, Paper II). Author.

Fox, E. J. (2026d). The effective FMAP subsidy: Medicaid’s structural role in Indian health financing (Indian Health Financing Series, Paper III). Author.

Fox, E. J. (2026e). AI/AN health coverage and access trends, 2010–2024 (Indian Health Financing Series, Papers IV-A through IV-H). Author.

Fox, E. J. (2026f). The full-funding requirement for Indian health services (Indian Health Financing Series, Paper V). Author.

Fox, E. J. (2026g). Co-owned information systems: A Northwest Tribal framework for health data governance (1995) (Indian Health Financing Series, Supplement III). Author.

Fox, E. J. (2026h). How many signatures? Federal, state, and tribal pathways to Indian health financing. Author.

Health Care Financing Administration. (1997, May). Memorandum to Associate Regional Administrators regarding the definition of a billable Medicaid encounter for Indian Health Service and tribal facilities. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Henson, E., Taylor, J. B., Curtis, C., & Gover, K. (2021). Toward a more accurate count of American Indians and Alaska Natives in federal programs (Ash Center Policy Brief No. 7). Harvard Kennedy School, Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation.

HHS Office of Inspector General. (2016). Oregon’s Medicaid payments for services provided under the Indian Health Service program (Report OEI-05-14-00430). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Hobbs, Straus, Dean & Walker, LLP. (n.d.). Professional profiles: Geoffrey Strommer and Carol Barbero. Author.

Indian Health Service. (n.d.-a). Indian Health Manual, Part 2, Chapter 1: Eligibility for services. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Indian Health Service. (n.d.-b). IHS facilities directory. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.ihs.gov/locations/

Indian Health Service. (Multiple years). IHS congressional budget justifications. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Indian Health Service. (2020). The 2021 IHS and Tribal health care facilities’ needs assessment report to Congress. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Indian Health Service. (2024). IHS profile, October 2024. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.ihs.gov/newsroom/factsheets/ihsprofile/

Indian Health Service, Office of Urban Indian Health Programs. (2023). Urban Indian Organization infrastructure study report to Congress, fiscal year 2023. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Jones, N., Marks, R., Ramirez, R., & Rios-Vargas, M. (2021). Improvements to the 2020 Census race and Hispanic origin question designs, data processing, and coding procedures. U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov

Kaiser Family Foundation. (n.d.). American Indian and Alaska Native coverage and care data. https://www.kff.org

Kauffman & Associates. (2013). Best practices in state-tribal consultations [Report prepared for the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]. Author.

Marks, R., Jones, N., & Rios-Vargas, M. (2023). A look at the largest American Indian and Alaska Native tribes and villages. U.S. Census Bureau.

Medicaid and CHIP Payment and Access Commission. (n.d.). Medicaid’s role in health care for American Indians and Alaska Natives. https://www.macpac.gov

National Congress of American Indians. (n.d.). Federal funding priorities. https://www.ncai.org

National Indian Health Board. (2021). Mandatory funding introduction: Full funding for Indian Health Service eligibles (2022 Budget Formulation). Author.

National Indian Health Board. (2022). Tribal budget formulation recommendations. Author.

National Indian Health Board. (2025a). CMS–IHS data match: Medicaid enrollment and expenditures for AI/AN IHS-access populations, reference year 2023. Author.

National Indian Health Board. (2025b). State health insurance status report, 2025: American Indian and Alaska Native population. Tribal Health Data Project. Funded by Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services/HHS.

National Steering Committee for the Reauthorization of the Indian Health Care Improvement Act. (1999). National Steering Committee records. Indian Health Service. https://www.ihs.gov/IHCIA/committee/

Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board. (1997). Comment letter on the IHS–HCFA Memorandum of Agreement on 100% FMAP [On file with author]. Author.

Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board. (1997, May 1). Letter to Zeita Cobb, Health Care Financing Administration Medicaid Bureau, regarding the definition of a billable Medicaid encounter [On file with author]. Author.

Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board. (1998). State tribal health policymaking in the Northwest states of Oregon, Washington and Idaho: Institution building for health care policymaking [Report prepared for the American Indian Health Commission for Washington State]. Author.

Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board. (1999–2000). Records and reports on IHCIA consultation process [Unpublished internal documents]. Author.

Oregon Health Authority. (n.d.). Oregon Health Plan Tribal policy documentation. Author.

Ruffer, R., & Le, J. (2025). 2025 NIHB state health insurance status report. National Indian Health Board, Tribal Health Data Project.

Southcentral Foundation. (n.d.). Nuka System of Care overview. https://www.southcentralfoundation.com

U.S. Census Bureau. (2015). American Community Survey 5-year public use microdata sample (PUMS), 2010–2014. https://data.census.gov

U.S. Census Bureau. (2020a). American Community Survey 5-year public use microdata sample (PUMS), 2015–2019. https://data.census.gov

U.S. Census Bureau. (2020b). 2020 Decennial Census. U.S. Government Publishing Office.

U.S. Census Bureau. (2024). American Community Survey 5-year public use microdata sample (PUMS), 2019–2023 [Data set]. IPUMS USA, University of Minnesota. https://doi.org/10.18128/D010.V15.0

U.S. Census Bureau. (2025). American Community Survey 5-year public use microdata sample (PUMS), 2020–2024 (Variables: RACAIAN, HINS3, HINS4, HINS7, PWGTP). https://data.census.gov

U.S. Department of the Treasury/Bureau of Indian Affairs. (2021). Tribal enrollment data call [State and Local Fiscal Recovery Funds]. U.S. Government.

U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Inspector General. (2019). Review of temporary price reductions and the Federal Ceiling Price program [Report]. Author.

U.S. Government Accountability Office. (n.d.). IHS oversight reports. https://www.gao.gov

U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2013). Indian Health Service: Options exist to enhance revenue (GAO-13-272). U.S. Government Publishing Office.

U.S. Indian Health Service/Health Care Financing Administration. (1996, December 19). Memorandum of Agreement on 100% Federal Medical Assistance Percentage for Indian Health Service and Tribal facilities (Effective July 11, 1996; signed by Michael H. Trujillo, MD, MPH, MS, Director, IHS, and Bruce C. Vladeck, Administrator, HCFA). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

U.S. Senate Committee on Indian Affairs. (2003). Statements from the National Steering Committee reauthorization of the IHCIA (Senate Hearing 108-509). U.S. Government Publishing Office. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-108shrg88509/html/CHRG-108shrg88509.htm

Washington State Health Care Authority. (n.d.). Washington Apple Health Tribal policy documentation. Author.

Recent Papers and Reports Added to edfoxphd.com

Brief descriptions

Source Attribution: The nine reports listed below were produced by the California Rural Indian Health Board (CRIHB), working with the CMS Tribal Technical Advisory Group, between 2007 and 2014. These foundational, seminal reports established much of the early national data infrastructure for understanding Medicare and Medicaid program participation among American Indian and Alaska Native populations — laying groundwork that later research on this site builds on. Full citations, including original authors, appear in the compiled bibliography above.

  1. American Indian and Alaska Native Medicare Program and Policy Statistics Summary Report (2009)
    Provides an early national statistical overview of Medicare enrollment, utilization, and program characteristics for American Indian and Alaska Native beneficiaries. It establishes historical baseline information for later CMS–Tribal data work.
  2. American Indian and Alaska Native Medicaid Program and Policy Data Summary Report (2009)
    Summarizes Medicaid enrollment and program data for American Indian and Alaska Native populations. It provides an early baseline for examining Medicaid participation and the financing relationship between Medicaid and Indian health programs.
  3. American Indians and Alaska Natives: Medicaid State Data Collection (2010)
    Reports on state-level Medicaid data collection for American Indian and Alaska Native populations. It illustrates the challenges of obtaining consistent state Medicaid information and the importance of improved tribal data systems.
  4. American Indian and Alaska Native Medicaid Program and Policy Data (2010)
    Provides Medicaid enrollment and policy information relevant to American Indian and Alaska Native populations. It contributes historical evidence for understanding Medicaid coverage and its role in supporting Indian health financing.
  5. Uninsured American Indians and Alaska Natives with Incomes 133% to 300% of Poverty: Data for Health Insurance Exchange Outreach (2010)
    Identifies uninsured American Indian and Alaska Native people in an income range relevant to health insurance outreach. The report was designed to support outreach and enrollment efforts as health insurance coverage opportunities expanded.
  6. Integrating Medicaid and Indian Health Service Data (2011)
    Examines approaches for integrating Medicaid and Indian Health Service administrative data. It reflects an early effort to bring the two data systems into closer alignment for program and policy analysis. (No PDF currently on file.)
  7. Medicare Statistics for American Indians and Alaska Natives (2012)
    Updates Medicare enrollment and utilization statistics for American Indian and Alaska Native beneficiaries under the CMS American Indian and Alaska Native Data Project. It extends the statistical baseline established by the 2009 Medicare report. (No PDF currently on file.)
  8. Medicare Enrollment, Health Status, Service Use and Payment Data for American Indians & Alaska Natives (2014)
    Examines Medicare enrollment, health status, service use, and payment information for American Indian and Alaska Native beneficiaries. It extends the earlier CMS data work and provides a more detailed picture of Medicare financing and utilization.

Also included above is the report that establish the definitions and research questions for the CMS-TTAG Data Committee.

  1. Crouch, J., Kao, & Korenbrot, C. (2007). Gaps and strategies to improve American Indian and Alaska Native data for Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP. California Rural Indian Health Board. https://crihb.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/1_AIAN_CMS_Data_Report2007.pdf